Could schools insist that staff take up the offer of a Covid vaccine?

The legal considerations for schools and academy trusts.

Teachers and teaching unions are calling for staff working in schools to be offered the Covid vaccine at the earliest opportunity. As we approach full school re-opening on 8 March, such calls are likely to intensify and it is possible that school staff will be offered the vaccine in the short term.

In the health and care sector, employers have begun to consider bringing in policies of mandatory vaccination for staff working in higher risk roles and with vulnerable service users. School employers may also begin to consider whether staff can be expected to take up the offer of a vaccine and how to respond if they refuse.

The question of whether schools can insist on staff having the vaccine when offered is one to which there is not a simple answer. Schools and academy trusts will need to tread extremely carefully when considering a policy of compulsory vaccination. They will need to enter into meaningful consultation with staff and unions and be prepared to make adjustments to any such policy to reduce the risk of grievances, disputes and claims, including claims supported by unions.

Schools and academy trusts who are considering putting such a policy in place should also consider the wider reputational risks of parent, social media and press interest in such a policy, particularly where there is significant opposition to it from employees and their representatives.

Is it reasonable to mandate the vaccine for school staff?

Employers have an overall duty to act reasonably towards their employees, taking into consideration the particular circumstances which apply to the employee and the employer.

Assuming there will come a point where all school staff can access the vaccination, the question of whether compulsory vaccination is a reasonable requirement is one which will need consideration in the round. A requirement to take a vaccine and disciplinary action for any refusal could be unreasonable in some circumstances. For example, where an employee has reasonable concerns about taking the vaccine.

Where employers act unreasonably, there is a risk that employees could resign and bring constructive dismissal claims based on a breach of “trust and confidence”. This claim is based on the implied term in all employment contracts that employers and employees must not, without reasonable and proper cause, act in a way which is likely to damage or destroy the relationship of mutual trust and confidence between them.

The question then will be whether the employer has reasonable and proper cause to require the employee to be vaccinated or to take steps to discipline them if they do not. This would include:

• Considering the role the particular member of staff is carrying out – are they working in a higher risk role such as carrying out personal care or working with children with special needs?
• The risks to pupils, parents and other staff which the employer is concerned to mitigate – does the school work with groups or individuals who are particularly vulnerable to the virus and is the infection rate in the local area of particular concern?
• The evidence on which the employer has decided to make the vaccine a requirement – what is the most recent Government or Public Health England advice on the impact of vaccination on transmission, serious illness and death?
• Is there another way of mitigating the identified risks which would have less impact on the member of staff – are the current measures in place in school to control spread sufficient to reduce risk to an acceptable level?

Disciplinary procedures for refusing to take the vaccine

Where a school employee refuses the offer of a vaccine, could an employer start a disciplinary process and even dismiss fairly for this refusal?

One key question here is whether the school has properly put in place a clear policy or contractual obligation on the employee to take the vaccine when offered. As this is likely to be a change to the employment contract, it will be important to reach agreement to the change, following any relevant procedures for collective consultation and agreement with trade unions before finalising the policy. Consultation on such a policy with staff or their representatives will also improve the chances that the policy is widely accepted and address key staff concerns, including consideration for special circumstances and exceptions to the rule.

Where individual employees refuse to comply with any such rule, schools and academy trusts should begin by discussing with those individuals their reasons for not taking the vaccine. Only after considering these particular reasons and circumstances should any formal step be taken, such as issuing a management instruction or following a disciplinary procedure.

Suspending, disciplining or dismissing an employee for a refusal to have the vaccine is likely to lead to grievances, and schools and academy trusts could well face employment tribunal claims for unfair dismissal, constructive dismissal and discrimination after taking such action.

Discrimination claims

It is important to note that some of the reasons why employees do not wish to take the vaccine will be linked to protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010. The risk of discrimination claims arising from a blanket policy on mandatory vaccination is therefore considerable.

Employees with certain health conditions may not be able to, or may not wish to, take the vaccine and may be able to argue that the policy or action arising from it discriminates against them because of a disability or something connected to a disability.

Advice for pregnant women from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation has recently changed to suggest that they can have the vaccine if they are at high risk from the virus. However, those who are pregnant are not routinely being offered the vaccine and may also be able to show that they are indirectly discriminated against by imposing such a policy.

The vaccination may raise concerns for employees with particular religious beliefs or philosophical beliefs, for example because of concerns about products used in the vaccine-making process or because of a belief-based objection to the practice of vaccination itself. In reality, it will be difficult for employers to be able to assess whether an employee’s beliefs would be found by a tribunal to be protected under the Equality Act 2010. Case law indicates that a philosophical belief will be protected if:

• it is genuinely held;
• it is not just an opinion or view based on the present state of information;
• it relates to a 'weighty and substantial' aspect of human life and behaviour; 
• it is sufficiently cogent, serious, coherent and important; and
• it is worthy of respect in a democratic society and not incompatible with human dignity or conflict with the fundamental rights of others.

More extreme “anti-vaxxer” views may not be protected if they lack coherence and are found not to be worthy of respect in a democratic society. However, proceeding on the basis that a particular belief will not be protected could be risky and lead to significant litigation costs and reputational risks. 

Indirect discrimination claims can be defended if the policy in question can be shown to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. To succeed in such a defence, employers would need very sound business reasons for mandating the vaccine, supported by documentary evidence of those reasons. Where the employee has good reasons for refusal and the discriminatory impact on the employee is significant, it is unlikely that an employer would be able to justify mandatory vaccination in all cases.

The health and safety duties of school employers

All employers have a statutory duty to protect the health, safety and welfare at work of their employees as far as is reasonably practicable. This includes duties to assess the risks impacting on staff in their work, to consult on health and safety issues with staff health and safety representatives (where these are in place), to create a safe system of work, to ensure that system is properly implemented, and to have a regular programme of review.

Encouraging school staff to accept a vaccination when available and providing them with accessible information about the vaccine will certainly be part of an employer’s reasonable steps to manage and mitigate the risks of Covid-19 at school. However, particularly in the short and medium term, encouraging staff vaccination will be only one of a suite of control measures. And, as set out above, there will be a number of categories of school employees who may have good reason not to take up the offer of vaccination. 

Because of the significant reputational and legal risks here, we highly recommend that schools and academy trusts take specific legal advice when considering a policy or risk assessment including compulsory workforce vaccination for some or all staff.